The Progress Of The English Reformation Theology Religion Essay

The Progress Of The English Reformation Theology Religion Essay The evidence analysed in this investigation suggests that Thomas Cranmer established various aims to help further the English Reformation. He met with both successes and failures. The extent to which his successes outweighed his failures will determine how important he was for the progress of the Reformation. A careful analysis will be made of his work regarding introducing the English Bible, helping reform church institutions, doctrine, liturgy. In addition his contributions as a reformed theologian including the durability of his accomplishments will be considered. Other figures also helped spur on the Reformation such as King Henry VIII, Thomas Cromwell, and Queen Elizabeth I. To further evaluate the importance of Cranmers contributions this investigation will compare his work with these other personas of historical importance. Cranmer set out to achieve various goals during his life regarding the English Reformation. Cranmer assumed an important role in the introduction of the English Bible. He endorsed the Great Bible in April 1539 was issued to the public for the first time. By late 1541 five more additions of the Great Bible had been released. (Dickens 1989, 152) He even contributed a preface to the second edition. Bromiley states in Thomas Cranmer: Theologian Of all his achievements in the earlier period, the introduction of the English Bible was perhaps the most far-reaching and influential (xiv) The archbishop of Canterbury also helped reform the church institutions. He was involved in diplomatic work as he wanted to link England with international Protestantism. Cranmer believed true catholicism (universality) was the unification of the scattered churches of the reformation. Hence catholicity meant unity. He attempted to bring in foreign reformers to England. He successfully brought in Martin Bucer and was helped by English clerics Hooper, Ridley, Holgate ( Dickens 1989, 270) The influence that spread into England came mostly from the followers of Zwingli and Calvin. Cranmer also made valuable contributions to the reformation of church doctrine. He originally believed in transubstantiation, but then decided that the bread and wine were only symbolic of the body of Christ. King Henry VIII was strongly in favour of transubstantiation and burned people who opposed his view. Cranmer survived due to the Kings protection. Dickens argues that Cranmer was the English forefront man supporting the true presence belief agreed upon by Calvin and Bullinger in the Zurich agreement of 1549. Bullinger believed that transubstantiation was false, but that the bread was sacred, was to be revered, and that the spiritual presence of Christ was there when people took the Eucharist. Like the sun is in the heavens but we can only feel its light and heat, Christ is in heaven but he is working in the hearts of those that believe. (Schaff, I. 471)Â   Between 1539-1543 there is a turbulent return to Catholicism, heretics burned, and Bible reading prohibited for the laity. Cranmer opposes the 1539 act of six articles, which includes clerical celibacy and as a consequence he has to send his wife away. King Henry VIII wields absolute power and thus Cranmer cannot overtly support great doctrinal changes as long as the King reigned. It was unfortunate for [Cramner] that he could never persuade Henry VIII to share his enthusiasm [regarding humanist reformation (MacCulloch 1996, 213) because The Kings own theology became a moving target during the 1530s (MacCulloch 1996, 213) Cranmers view of church doctrine was that it be scripturally based, be proclaimed by the monarch in parliament, and be accepted without fighting over minute details. (Dickens 1989, 208) The Ascension of Edward VI in 1547 opens the doors for doctrinal reform. Cranmer issues the Book of Homilies a set of 12 official model sermons. He even writes several of the sermons. In 1553 he issues the 42 Articles of Religion, which is a code of doctrine. Under Queen Elizabeth the Homilies are amplified and reissued. The articles lead to the Elizabethan Thirty Nine Articles. Dickens calls these Elizabethan articles a decisively Protestant interpretation of the faith, (Dickens 1989, 280) However, Cranmer also encountered failure in his attempt to advance the English Reformation. Regarding his reforms of Church institutions his diplomatic work in the sense that he failed to bring any Lutheran leaders or Lutheran representatives to England. Cranmer also wanted to rewrite and arrange the canon law into an organized system but failed due to several factors. Many did not favour the canon law because they believed it was too disorganized and needed be replaced by civil law. Cranmer also wrote a plan of reform for the canon law entitled Reformatio Legum Ecclesiasticarum. Unfortunately this was not published until well after his death. Ultimately none of his proposed reforms for the canon law were enacted. He had proposed changes such as having annual diocesan conferences attended by clergy and laity, which may well have been beneficial for the church. ( Dickens, 1989, 279-280.) The Archbishop of Canterbury beginning in 1540 focused on revision of the English church liturgy with a specific emphasis on putting it in language comprehensible by the laity. King Henry VIII showed Cranmer considerable favouritism by endowing him the authority to create and spread his own English litany while he rejected proposals of other bishops such as the 1543 Rationale of Ceremonial. When Henry authorized Cranmer to modify the mass by adding devotional passages in English the King did not anticipate great doctrinal changes. However, this laid the foundation for an extreme change of the aim of the mass, replaced sporadic communion for the laity and private medieval masses with regular congregational services of worship. The King passed away in 1547 and Cranmers first edition of the Book of Common Prayer was released in 1549 under Edward VI. It was conservative but it led to a rebellion in South-Western England. Dyson Hague notes his Story of the English Prayer Book that this rebellion may have occurred due to the introduction of totally foreign concepts for those used to attending the mass such as the The Supper of the Lord and Holy Communion. (Hague 1949, 133) The 1552 second edition of the Book of Common Prayer was Cranmers most explicit Protestant liturgical document. Examples such as the mass became communion, tables were to be removed and altars provided, and surplices replaced Eucharist religious robes reflected Zwinglian influence. This 1552 edition later became the basis for Queen Elizabeth Is prayer book of 1559 and the 1662 Book of Common Prayer. Interestingly the 1662 versions Eucharistic liturgy commits several catholic compromises. The 1549 Prayer Book at the beginning of the sacrament states The body of our Lord Jesus Christ which was given for thee, preserve thy body and soul unto everlasting life. In contrast the 1552 version states Take and eat this, in remembrance that Christ died for thee, and feed on him in thy heart by faith with thanksgiving. Finally, the 1662 version is a merger of the 1549 and 1552 Prayer Books. (Jasper and Cuming 1990, 232-249) MacCulloch argues that Cranmer would have looked at the alteration of his eucharist by the 1662 reviser with strong suspicion and concern. (MacCulloch 1996, 628) In the 1549 Act the Parliament authorized the doctrine and liturgy of the Book of Common Prayer which is of historical significance because this had been the exclusive area of activity of the monarch since 1534. According to Dickens although not very much is known concerning the origins of the second prayer book, it is certain that its literary qualities are based on Cranmers book of 1549. (Dickens 1989, 277) The prayer books according to R.T. Beckwith are predominantly the work of Cranmer. (Beckwith 1992, 101-105) A significant aspect of Cranmers contributions regarding liturgy is the system of canonical hours that were increments of time between prayers specifically for the morning and evening prayer sessions. The canonical hours were no longer to be exclusively controlled and regulated by the clergy. (MacCulloch, 630) MacCulloch states that Cranmer established a strong foundation of liturgy that helped the laity look beyond the surface of events and say that there is more to human life and creation than the obvious, the everyday. (630) Cranmer strongly upheld his prayer book in great esteem. He did not heed the Councils request that he alter the rubric commanding that individuals receive Communion while kneeling. However, he could not stop the introduction of the black rubric , which denied any intention to revere the elements.(Dickens 1989, 278.) Cranmer asked for advice from his colleagues as he crafted the 1550 revision of the Ordinal. Its imperfections were later used as grounds for reje ction by Rome coming from Anglican demands. The first ordinal was a conservative document, based on medieval sources, though not permitting the social ordering and grouping of bishop, priest and deacon. It maintained the tradition of providing a silver or gold plate for the eucharist bread and chalice to priests recently ordained. Bishops received pastorals staffs. Cranmer also had the priests receive a Bible to represent their purpose of preaching to the congregation. Later an extra amendment of the Ordinal was included in the 1552 prayer book. In this amendment Cranmer reformed the system so that bishops and priests received no items except a Bible. (Dickens 1989, 270) Cranmer eased access to the liturgy, collecting everything that was indispensable in one book in the common tongue. He likely did not plan on his services being used for 400 years. However, his services were intended for repeated and frequent use. Cranmers text has been long revered as originating from an author sensitive providing formal English prose. Contemporary learning demonstrates the indispensable reputation of the structure of language to greater culture.. If, as MacCulloch states, Cranmers language lies at the heart of our English-speaking culture, (632.) Cranmers work towards the English language is likely his most important tribute. There are those that oppose this conclusion. A view is that Cranmers liturgies have become ingrained in English literary identity and have predisposed the religious rationale of English-speaking people. In contrast, Donald Gray states it is far too simple to romanticize the historic links between Anglican society and liturgy. Often claims made regarding the importance of the Book of Common Prayer are exaggerated elitist claims stated by and for a segment of society that possessed the time and opportunity for worship. Many enormous areas of England were not significantly influenced by the Book of Common Prayer and possessed very limited knowledge of its contents. (Gray 1991, 135-143) In addition, one may argue that contributions to English religious literature are not necessarily contributions to religious reformation. When Edward VI rose to power as a youth, the opportunity for positive change was met with rapid reformation in the church. MacCulloch demonstrates that as as the truth liberated the populace, many came to love the Bible. (613-614) The attacking and rejecting of orthodox beliefs such as religious processions and destroying Latin service books was received well. The walls of churches began to display Biblical messages such as The Ten Commandments, The Lords Prayer, and the beatitudes. When Mary ascended to th e throne Cranmer was put in prison and threatened violently to sign recantations accepting fundamental Catholic doctrines. He signed the documents. However, he publicly withdrew the recantations right before he was incinerated as a heretic on 21 March 1556. In conclusion, Cranmer was indispensable to the progress of the English Reformation. His work had impacts on events of the reformation during the reigns of King Henry VIII, Edward VI and Elizabeth I. The evidence demonstrates that he is among the most if not the most important figure in the English Reformation. Cranmers most important reforming achievements are demonstrated by the great documents he created. The access to the Bible and obedience to it that he helped establish was also significant. Cranmer did a great deal more than simply write liturgy and doctrine. The sources demonstrate if had not accomplished his aims at the level of excellence that he did, the efforts of the sixteenth century English reformation would likely have been far less effective and much more short lived. Word Count: 2002 The above essay is all my own work: the source of all material used in its compilation has been duly cited and all help received is acknowledged. The essay does not substantially duplicate material previously or simultaneously submitted to academic staff at any academic institution. Jesse Alvarez

Headaches :: essays research papers fc

The website that I am writing my paper on is http://www.healthsquare.com/headaches5.htm and it is called â€Å"What Triggers Headaches†? The website tells all the different things that can cause headaches, such as anxiety, stress, emotions, and a person’s diet. The article also mentions that the four leading factors that lead to headaches, from a questionnaire, are anxiety, glare, noise and anger. I believe that most of the things the site mentions do cause headaches. Caffeine, I believe, causes me the most headaches. I think that anxiety being first is correct because anxiety and stress does seem to cause more headaches, besides caffeine, than anything else. Having emotional stress seems to cause some of my headaches. The article mentions that emotional stress doesn’t cause headaches; however, it makes us more susceptible to them. The reason we are more susceptible to headaches is due to our mind influencing our body, which is called a psychosomatic condition. I can definitely go along with this because our mind is very powerful. As a wise person once said, â€Å"Mind over matter†. The article goes on to mention that sinuses, contrary to popular belief, are not usually the culprits in causing the headache. I always have blamed sinus troubles, or caffeine consumption, for the headaches that I have. The article mentions that many people think that it is the sinuses that are causing the headaches because migraine and cluster headaches can cause the same symptoms that people with sinus infections experience. This is surprising news to me, since all my life, I have been told that sinus infections cause headaches. There are many causes for headaches and some people have them more than others.

To Kill A Moking Bird

Allow the speaker enough time to begin and finish his/her thoughts. (Do not be afraid of usually means thinking is occurring. ) j. Bring others into the discussion and ask others to elaborate on their responses. 2. Bring your copy of the paid questions to class. These questions must be completed before class begins. 3. Set a Personal Goal for the Seminar (Talk three times, allow others to speak, give someone praise for an insightful comment, etc. ) 4. Opening Questions a. Who is your favorite character? Why? 5. Core Questions (Analyze the text) a.Tactics tells the children several times that they need to walk in someone else's shoes before judging the person. Describe times when Tactics, Scout or Gem walk in someone else's shoes. How does this change how they view the situations? What role does this advice play in sympathy and compassion? B. Should Boo Raddled have been locked away in a mental institution when he was a teenager? Why or why not? C. At one point Gem describes four kind s of â€Å"folks† in Macomb County:†our kind of folks don't like the Cunningham, the Cunningham don't like the Ells, and the Ells ate and despise the colored folks. What does To Kill a Mockingbird teach us about how people cope with issues of race and class? Do you classify people in your world as different â€Å"folks? † Do you see those sort of distinctions today? D. In the last few lines of To Kill a Mockingbird Scout says, â€Å"he was real nice†¦ † And Taluses replies, â€Å"most people are, Scout, when you finally see them. † Do you agree that most people In the novel are nice once you see them? How Is Tactics able to see the good side of people despite all he has experienced? Can you? E.Rank In order of culpability (blameworthiness or responsibility) for the death of Tom Robinson the following characters: Bob Lowell, Mr.. Gillian (prosecuting attorney Male Lowell, Individuals on the jury, and Tom Robinson. F. What do you learn about the different attitudes toward Macomb's black population from the conversation at Aunt Alexandra ladles tea? How do these attitudes help explain Tom's conviction? G. When Tom Is being cross-examined by Mr.. Gilder he says, â€Å"l felt right sorry for her. † Why was this a mistake? Why is it that â€Å"nobody liked Tom Robinsons answer. H. One of the chief with Boo Raddled and the trial of Tom Robinson are not sufficiently connected in the novel. I. Why do you think Harper Lee divided the book into two parts? Do you think it worked effectively? Find evidence to support your assertion I. Why does the author tell the story through the voice of Scout instead of Gem, Tactics, or Tom Robinson? J. Why did Harper Lee title her book To Kill a Mockingbird? K. This book is continually banned from the high school reading list because of racism, sex, and foul language.Do you believe this book should be banned? Even though this book was published in the sass's, how can this book relate to to day's society? 6. Closing Questions a. Has your understanding of the novel matured or significantly changed through this discussion? B. What else did you learn during the course of the discussion? 7. Debriefing a. Did you meet your personal goal during the seminar? / What will you work on next time? B. Was there anything about the seminar that bothered you? C. What could we do to improve the seminar? D. What will you remember about the seminar?

What Does the National Education Association Do

The terms National Education Association and teaching are synonymous with one another.  The National Education Association is the most popular teachers union in the United States, but they are also the most scrutinized.  Their primary goal is to protect teacher rights and to ensure that their members are getting treated fairly.  The NEA has arguably done more for teachers and public education than any other advocacy group in the United States.  Get an overview of the National Education Association, including a brief history and what they stand for. History The National Education Association (NEA) was formed in 1857 when 100 educators decided to organize and create an organization in the name of public education. It was originally called the National Teachers Association. At that time, there were several professional education associations, but they were only on the state level. A call was issued to unite together to have one voice dedicated to the growing public school system in America. During that time, education wasn’t an essential facet of everyday life in America. Over the next 150 years, the importance of education and professional teaching has transformed at an astounding rate. It is no coincidence that the NEA has been at the forefront of that transformation. Some historical developments of the NEA throughout history include welcoming black members four years before the Civil War, electing a woman as president before women even had the right to vote, and merging with the American Teachers Association in 1966. The NEA was birthed to fight for the rights of both children and educators and continues to do so today. Membership The original membership of NEA was 100 members. The NEA has grown into the largest professional organization and the largest labor union in the United States. They boast 3.2 million members and include public school educators, support members, faculty and staff members at the university level, retired educators, administrators, and college students becoming teachers. The NEA headquarters are located in Washington, D.C. Each state has an affiliate member in more than 14,000 communities across the nation. The NEA has a budget of over $300 million per year. Mission The stated mission of the National Education Association is to advocate for education professionals and to unite our members and the nation to fulfill the promise of public education to prepare every student to succeed in a diverse and interdependent world. The NEA also is concerned with wage and working conditions common to other labor unions. The NEA’s vision is â€Å"building great public schools for every student.† The NEA relies on members to perform much of their work and provides a strong local, state, and national network in return. The NEA, at the local level, raises funds for scholarships, conducts professional development workshops, and bargains contracts for school employees. At the state level, they lobby legislators for funding, seek to influence legislation, and campaign for higher standards. They also file legal action on behalf of teachers to protect their rights. The NEA at the national level lobbies Congress and federal agencies on behalf of its members. They also work with other education organizations, provide training and assistance, and conduct activities conducive to their policies. NEA Pros and Cons There are several issues that are continuously relevant to the NEA. Those include reforming No Child Left Behind (NCLB) and the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA). They also push to increase education funding and discourage merit pay. The NEA conducts events to support minority community outreach and dropout prevention. The union researches methods to lower the achievement gap. They push for reforming laws concerning charter schools and discourage school vouchers. They believe that public education is the gateway to opportunity. The NEA believes that all students have the right to a quality public education regardless of family income or place of residence. One of the chief criticisms is that the NEA often puts the interests of teachers in front of the needs of the students they teach. Opponents claim that the NEA does not support initiatives which will harm union interests but would help students. Other critics have been vocal because of the lack of support from the NEA towards policies dealing with voucher programs, merit pay, and the removal of â€Å"bad† teachers. The NEA has also been recently criticized because of their goal to change public perception of homosexuality. Like any large organization, there have been internal scandals within the NEA including embezzlement, misspending, and political incorrectness.