Describe How Two Businesses Are Organised

Describe how two businesses are organised (P3) I am going to talk about two organisations and how they operate. The organisations I am going to talk about are McDonalds and Chester Zoo. McDonalds is a fast food restaurant and its purpose is to provide the best and fastest customer service so in this way it will give the organisation a good reputation and help them to make more profit. [pic] This shows how stuff work in McDonalds.If there would be a problem with customers for example, then the assistant manager would take care of this but if there would be something more serious then the business manager will have to take care of it because he is the top head of managing. This also shows how the organisation is organized and how everyone is on the top of the chart and also at the bottom. Chester Zoo is a zoo organisation with loads of attractions for children. Its purpose is to keep their customers happy and also help others because Chester Zoo is also a charity and most of its profit goes to charity to help other people.This is one of the organisation charts for Chester Zoo. This organisation chart shows how the herpetology team work at Chester Zoo. For example the herpetology team manager is on top and  everyone below report to him. For example if there was a problem with something to do with the herpetology keepers then they would report it to the herpetology lead keeper who would then report it to the herpetology team manager. Types of organisational structures There are four types of organisational structures which are: †¢ Functional Geographic †¢ Product †¢ Type of customer Functional – Functional structures arrange departments according to what goes on within each department. An example of this structure would be Sandwell College where the lecturers are in their own departments, the receptionists and secretaries would be in the administration department or office and the library and IT staff would be in support services. Geographic – Geographic structures are mostly about the size of the organisation and where it operates.This could be where there are teams of people operating in different locations like in different towns, cities or countries, so it would be very difficult to organise the business simply by its functions. By product – By-product organisational structures offer a range of products or services and these can dictate its structure. For example a supermarket could be organised into the following functional areas: †¢ Fruit and veg †¢ Cooked  meats †¢ Tinned goods †¢ Clothing †¢ Frozen goods By type of customer – By type of customer organisational structures have both consumers as customers and also have other businesses as customers.This can be referred to as B2C (business to consumer) and B2B (business to business). Hierarchical structure – A hierarchical structure consists of multiple levels. This means that the chain of command would look l ike a pyramid with a large base of workers who are supervised by the level above them which continues to the top ranking officer such as the CEO or company president. Flat structure – A flat structure has few levels of management between the executive level and the front-line employees. The purpose of a flat structure is to empower employees by making them a larger part of the decision making process in a business.It is designed to make employees more productive. It also allows for more rapid change and problem resolution as the communication occurs more easily between the upper managers and baseline employees. Matrix structure – A matrix structure is a type of management system in which workers report to more than just one person, effectively having two or more supervisors at the same time. For example professionals with different types of expertise are brought together to work on a project. They report to a number of managers of different projects as well as to a fun ctional supervisor.McDonalds and Chester Zoo both have a hierarchical structure because they have multiple levels and they both have a CEO or company president that everyone reports to. Span of control – Span of control is the number of people that one individual is responsible for in an organisation. The wider the span of control is then the greater the number of whom the individual is responsible. A manager who is responsible for too many people may be so overworked that their staff in turn may not be able to perform their duties effectively.Functional Areas – The functional areas are the specialist areas of activity within an organisation. These include: †¢ Finance †¢ Marketing †¢ Production †¢ Customer service †¢ Sales †¢ Human resources Finance The finance department functions include keeping records of financial activity for example the sales made by the business and providing managers with information that they can use in decision m aking for example cost of making products. For McDonalds the finance department would have to keep track of how many sales they make per day and what kind of meal or burger makes the most money.For Chester Zoo the finance department would have to do the same which is keeping records of how many sales they make per day and how much profit they make. Marketing – The marketing function is responsible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying customer requirements. The marketing function have to carry out market research to find out which types of customers make up a particular market for example what they want, where they want it, how they like it and at what price. The marketers will have an important say in deciding: †¢ The products the company produces The prices charged †¢ Promotions designed to encourage the customers †¢ Place where  goods are sold For example at McDonalds the marketers would decide on what type of Mcflurrys they would sell to customers and at Chester Zoo the marketers will decide on what price they will sell their tickets for people to come and visit Chester Zoo Production – The production function organises who makes the goods and how and when they are made. The production manager of a company is responsible for making sure raw materials are processed into finished goods.At McDonalds the production function will have to make sure that the burgers and chips are made in good quality and at Chester Zoo the production team have to make sure that the food they feed to the animals are just right for them to eat. Customer service – Customer service is concerned with looking after customers at all stages of their relationship with a company. They have to provide customers with details about offers, make sure the customers are listened to and valued and attending to customer complaints, providing after sales service such as servicing of goods, spare parts or information about new products.At Chester Zoo the customer service people will have to deal with complaints and will have to tell people who visit about offers they may not know about. Sales – The sales function is responsible for getting customers to buy what the company produces. The sales department works closely with the marketing department. The main responsibility of the sales department is to create orders for goods and services. For example at McDonalds the sales team will have to try and sell as much food as they can to the customers so they can make a profit. At Chester Zoo they will have to do the same thing by selling Chester Zoo merchandise.Human resources – Human resource managers are responsible for all aspects of people management in an organisation. The type of work covered in the human resource function might include a policy-making role, welfare role, supportive role, bargaining and negotiating role, administrative role and educational and development role. At Chester Zoo the human resources will ha ve to do an educational and development role because when they have new employees they will need to train them. This goes for the same at McDonalds, where they will have to train their employees.

All Contracts Are Agreements but Not All Agreements

According to section 2(a) of Indian Contract Act states that, â€Å"every promise on every set of promises forming the consideration for each other an agreement. An agreement is a form of cross reference between different parties, which may be written, oral and lies upon the honor of the parties for its fulfillment rather than being in any way enforceable. It is also a fact that an agreement is a proposal and its acceptance, by which two or more person or parties promises to do abstain from doing an act. But a contract according to section 2(h) of the Indian Contract Act, â€Å"An agreement enforceable by law is a contract.It is clear these definitions that the two elements of a contract are: (a) Agreement Contractual Obligation (b) Enforceability by Law. For Example: X invites his friend to coffee and the latter accepts the invitation. This is a social agreement not a contract because it does not imply any legal obligation. We can say that: (a) All contracts are agreements, (b) Bu t all agreements are not contracts. (a) All Contracts are Agreements For a Contract to be there an agreement is essential; without an agreement, there can be no contract.As the saying goes, â€Å"where there is smoke, there is fire; for without fire, there can be no smoke†. It could be said, â€Å"Where there is contract, there is agreement without an agreement there can be no contract†. Just as a fire gives birth to smoke, in the same way, an agreement gives birth to a contract. Another essential element of a contract is the legal obligation for the parties to the contract; there are many agreements that do not entail any legal obligations. As such, these agreements cannot be called contracts. For Example:A gives his car to B for repair and B asks for Ksh. 2000 for the repair works. A agrees to pay the price and B agrees to repair the car. The agreement imposes an obligation on both. The third element of a contract is that the agreement must be enforceable by Law. If one party fails to keep his promise, the other has the right to go the court and force the defaulter to keep his promises. There are other elements are: 1. Offer and acceptance, 2. Legal obligation, 3. Lawful consideration, 4. Valid object, 5. Agreement not being declared void by Law, 6. Free consent, 7.Agreement being written and registered, 8. Capacity to contract, 9. Possibility of performance from what has been discussed. It is clear that all contracts are agreements. (b) All Agreements are not Contracts: An agreement is termed a contract only when it is enforceable by law. All agreements are not necessarily legally enforceable. It can rightly be said that an agreement has a much wider scope than a contract. For example that agreements are not legally binding are an invitation to dinner or to go for a walk and its acceptance. These are agreements not contracts.An agreement does not necessarily imply a legal obligation on the parties to the agreement. It is import here to clarify what exactly is an obligation. Obligation is a legal tie which imposes upon a person or persons the necessity of doing or abstaining from doing definite act or acts. An agreement need not necessarily be within the framework of law and be legally enforceable. If it is, then it is a contract. A promises B to do physical harm to C whom, the latter does not like and B promises to pay A Ksh. 1000 to do that, it cannot be termed as a contract because such an act would be against the law.Any agreement of which the object or consideration is unlawful is void and cannot be called a contract. It would be clear from what has been said so far that an agreement has a much wider scope than a contract. An Agreement implies fulfilling some agreed condition. It does not necessarily imply that the stipulated conditions conform to the law and are enforceable by it. It may be said that an agreement is the genus of which contract is the species. It also makes it clear that all agreements are not contra cts but all contracts are agreements.

Euro Currency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Euro Currency - Essay Example Free trade is one of the main benefits of euro. With this 'relaunching', the European integration process has become increasingly biased in favor of deregulation and the free play of market forces, establishing the primacy of negative integration (market liberalization) over positive integration. European integration thus has come to be bound up with a restructuring of Europe's socio-economic order (Barnard 2007). The acceleration of European integration on the one hand, and the rise of neo-liberalism in Europe on the other, have become intertwined inasmuch as the relaunching of Europe went hand in hand with the reconstruction of the post-war order of European capitalism along predominantly neo-liberal lines. The free market has always needed the state for both its emergence and its maintenance. In political economy, the market is not a 'spontaneous order' (Barnard and Scott 2002), but rather a social and political construction, hence, in this sense, as is also stressed by the new in stitutionalism in economic sociology, the economy is always embedded in society (Barnard and Scott 2002). Euro is defined as a single European accounting currency and an official currency of the European Union. "The role of the euro as an international investment currency, anchor currency and reserve currency is inseparably associated with its internal stability" ((Barnard and Scott 2002, p. 54). Today, this is an official currency 15 Euro states and Eurozone. Euro was introduced in 1999, but practically launched only in 2002. Critics admit that: "the euro has a good chance of becoming a lastingly stable currency, respected by the markets and the population alike. Domestic stability is at the same time the best contribution the euro can make to a sound, viable and stable global financial system in which the financial market players can act in a spirit of responsibility" (Barnard and Scott 2002, p. 54). The advent of a single European currency, alongside enlargement and the growing international role of the EU, as codified in the SEA, TEU and Amsterdam Treaty, gives rise to questions rega rding the type of actor the EU constitutes for external partners at the start of the twenty-first century. In this respect, debates over the EU's future parallel some of those which preoccupy Japan in the post=Cold War world. Euro makes possible a higher level of competition for the EC as well as increases its economic growth and ability to face international competition. Clearly, the EC's internal market is also affected by the scope of its commercial transactions. Compared to the United States and Japan, where international trade accounts for only 6 and 13 percent of the GNP, foreign trade is much more important to the economies of the EC (Bieler and Morton 2001). Besides, the internal market reinforces the significance of trade between the members, which is already around 55 percent of the Community's foreign trade. This increase of the EC's foreign trade results in a double

What role do the concepts of virtu and fortuna play in Machiavellis Essay

What role do the concepts of virtu and fortuna play in Machiavellis political thought - Essay Example The essentialness of leadership is actualized when a balanced state or jurisdiction is achieved.Leadership,perhaps,is the oldest form of responsibility bestowed upon the people.Biblically,there were Adam and Eve as â€Å"stewards† of Creation,while history speaks of ancient tribes with their respective leaders as earliest evidence of organized states. In the 1500’s, an Italian of noble ancestors rose to be in line with the rulers of his time. He is Niccolo Machiavelli, whose The Prince envisioned a leader in its perfect form in terms of success of ruling. Machiavellian thought undermines the modern political philosophy which basically governs the constitution of most powerful nations. Specifically the twin concept of Virtu and Fortuna, Machiavelli’s principle was born out of the nation’s tormented political situation. The concepts presented in his book The Prince owe much to virtu and fortuna as main foundations of Machiavelli’s political thought. I taly in the time of Niccolo Machiavelli Persistence against the Italian monarchy would describe the end of life for most Italians. Europe, during the dusk of the Middle Ages and the dawn of the Renaissance is a place of real-life nightmare. If there is one good thing about the oppression of Italians, it is the blossoming of ideologies inspired by the severity of social and political assault. . However, this was shortly after the Medici family has regained control of Florence. On May 3, 1469, Niccolo Machiavelli was born in Florence, Italy. Unlike the unfortunate Italians in his time, he was born in a family of nobility and political position, which made him unlikely to experience the uneven treatment of the poor in most Italian communities--although the Italian awakening is a better time for Italy. However when the Medici had gone out to regain power, Machiavelli’s political position consequently diminished when he was accused of tyranny and betrayal of the oligarchical gover nment. â€Å"Machiavelli was a direct victim of regime change† (â€Å"Niccolo Machiavelli,† n.d.) and that the only chance of him to survive was the steadfast opinions regarding Florentine princedom. He made several attempts of reviving his place in the government which resulted to his most notable work, II Princepe (The Prince). The book is a collection of â€Å"critiques of traditional moral norms and ideologies† (The European, 2010). It has been said that the book is a form of persuasion to prove the Medicis that he values loyalty and service to the present government. Much appreciated by Lorenzo de Medici, he gained partial reconciliation with the government. The Prince (An Overview) The highlights of Machiavelli’s thought are its complexity and looking beyond the values of norms and its role in the ruling of a kingdom. Viroli (1998) wrote that the Machiavelli contains a significant aspect of â€Å"spiritual narrowness,† that life is constantly governed by reasons, and objectivity towards any subject is the key to the strength of public governance. Politics’ austerity towards the issue of infallible loyalty during the Medici regime may one that drove Machiavelli to think the way he did in times when he realized that his status would become a sinking ship. Although written in a traditional style of â€Å"mirror of prices† genre, the book teaches a different pattern of didacticism which other critiques of his time regard as inappropriate or in the worst case, immoral. According to Kniatt and Johnson (2007), The Prince contains three aspects in which the principles are tightly knitted together. They believe that the book holds the faces of sarcasm, double entendres and Science. Sarcasm is an important element used by Machiavelli in delivering his sentiments and criticisms in the government he was in. The terms â€Å"part reconciliation with the government† may imply that Machiavelli discovered certain ir regularities in the Medici regime. Knowing not of ways on how to directly criticize, he used

Cardenio of William Shakespeare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cardenio of William Shakespeare - Essay Example "Cardenio" of William Shakespeare William Shakespeare is a towering figure in English Literature. Beyond his uncontested stature in the world of letters, Shakespeare is on par with JS Bach in terms of contributions made to Western Civilization. Shakespeare’s works thus have a significance that is difficult to contain within simple classifications. The Bard’s art is a combination of poetry, philosophy and story-telling. His works stand the scrutiny of excellence in each of these disciplines. But the real singularity of Shakespeare’s works lie in the synergy of his art. The sum of merit in his great plays is more than an addition of the parts. It is in this context that the value of The History of Cardenio has to be evaluated. What makes the loss of Cardenio difficult to digest is the tantalizing evidence for its theatrical performance. Historical records from early 17th century indicate that the play was performed by The King’s Men in London in 1613. The Stationers’ Register attributes the play to William Shakespeare as co-author of John Fletcher. Although it is difficult to ascertain the extent of Shakespeare’s contribution to the finished work, his influence is speculated to be quite pronounced. The other key circumstantial evidence of the plays’ existence comes from two related plays from a later date. The lyrics of the popular song ‘Woods, Rocks and Mountains’ by Robert Johnson is fairly certain to have featured in Cardenio. Hence, there are enough markers and traces of the play’s existence and performance. ... The lyrics of the popular song ‘Woods, Rocks and Mountains’ by Robert Johnson is fairly certain to have featured in Cardenio. Hence, there are enough markers and traces of the play’s existence and performance. This makes it a case of so-near-yet-so-far. Modern scholarly analysis and revisionist research has given a glimpse of hope for those brooding over the lost work. It has come to light that the Cardenio could have remained in existence in some of its variant forms with different titles. On  the  eighteenth century wrapper of the text most widely known as The Second Maiden’s Tragedy, a  critic  of  an  earlier  age – possibly the third owner of the manuscript, John Warbuton â€Å"crossed out other contenders for possible authors or collaborators to leave only the words: ‘By Will Shakespear/ A Tragedy indeed’.† (Fox & Walter, 2004) Though such consolations remain, I regret the loss of this play for the great entert ainment value its original version suggested. The play’s plot is said to have been inspired by Miguel de Cervantes’ Don Quixote. The character of the protagonist in Cardenio is said to have been inspired by his namesake appearing in Cervantes’ iconic work. In the novel, the young Cardenio is driven to madness and lives in the Spanish town of Sierra Morena. Madness is a constant theme in Shakespeare’s plays - Hamlet, King Lear and Othello come to mind readily. It would be fascinating to discover the interpretation and portrayal of a maddened youth in Cardenio. But madness in the context of Don Quixote could not have been tragic or serious. Hence by deduction it is fair to assume that comedy was at the core of the theme of madness noted in Cardenio. Features such as

Environmental Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

Environmental Issues - Essay Example Taking for instance, Donald Mitchell argument on a supporting statement from World Bank report (2008). He insists that as much as several factors contributing to the increase in food prices from January 2002 to June 2008, the senior most contributing factor is attributed to large increase in bio-fuels productions from oilseeds and grains in the U.S and E.U that has increased the demand of these products while reducing supplies of wheat and crops that compete with food commodities used as bio-fuels. This has lead to land use changes in wheat and maize exporting countries shifting towards plantation of oilseeds for bio-fuel production resulting to shrunk wheat and maize production hence witnessing rise in wheat and maize prices. Donald also supports his claims from (FAPRI, 2008) that food prices have also increased due to expansion of bio-diesel production and higher costs of bio-fuel production. On the contrary, Keith sharply disagrees by arguing that the impact of bio-fuel production is much less than alarmist claim (2009). Keith K. et al rather claims that there would be greater impact if bio-fuels development focused on converting bio-waste, fast growing trees and grass into fuel. According to him, increased food prices arise out of increased demands in emerging economies, drought in food exporting countries, global warming, and market-distorting subsidies. In fact a supporting report from U.S department of agriculture (USDA) calculated that bio-fuel production only contributed to 5% of the 45% increase in global food prices. Additionally, bio-fuel crops provide alternative diversities that boost rural perennial incomes therefore reducing international burning that contributes to global warming. It hence addresses efficient production and utilization of bio-fuels, global mismanagement of land, stabilization of land cover, protection of biodiversity and improving water quality. From my point of view I would agree to the fact that bio-fuels indeed contribute to increasing food prices and other environmental drawbacks. Supporting arguments, according to Robin Maynard, when food and fuel compete for farmland, food prices will rise drastically and the poor will suffer as well as rainforests (2007). Additionally, Renton emphasizes that when forests are cleared, to create space for bio-fuel crops, they no longer serve as â€Å"carbon sinks† therefore leading to global warming as it takes longer for the benefits of bio-fuel crops to be noticeable (2007). The bio-fuel crops also displace natural ecosystems and destroy habitat for several species. Bio-fuels hence will maintain as a contributive factor to increasing food prices. Issue 12 - Nuclear Power The debate over use of nuclear power sparked out of its negative connotations in the past that threatened the survival and future of the world during the world war, nuclear disasters and links to chronic fatal diseases. Discussion have also arisen out of the proponents that nuclear power can be economical, safe and a clean form of energy. From these proponents there are disagreements amongst scholars on the question of nuclear energy. Lain Murray for instance has a positive position on use of nuclear power. He argues that the worlds experience shows it to be both safe and reliable. Supporting documents such as the Congregation Budget Office

The Issue of Performance Measurement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Issue of Performance Measurement - Essay Example This paper seeks to address the issue of measurement within the context of SWOT, PESTEL and Porter’s Five Forces Analysis in response to Jengo Limited. The paper further illuminates on how budgeting would benefit Jengo Ltd’s in planning and controlling its inventory, recruitment, and cash management activities. Finally, it zeroes on how a balanced scorecard approach to measuring performance would benefit this company. SWOT analysis Broadly speaking, SWOT analysis is used to evaluate and aid in project formulation and strategic plans (Bohm 2008, p. 3). Just like Bohm notes, a SWOT analysis should be used in mapping out an organization’s Strengths and Weaknesses of the products and services and assess the extent to which they are in tandem and how they could possibly be improved. Beyond this, SWOT analysis is used to reflect on the Opportunities and Threats exposed by information accrued usually through evaluation of the external environment and through comparative studies (Bohm 2008, p. 3, Habour 1997, p. 38). POSITIVE NEGATIVE INTERNAL Strengths 1. Financially sound with good profit margins 2. An established name among customers 3. Offers quick modern services 4. Initiates Brand strategies 5. Many distribution channels 6. offers long-lasting, fashionable clothes by a variety of established designers 7. Sound management Weaknesses 1. Few branches across the United Kingdom 2. Poor planning in terms of staffing and training 3. Integration of operations worldwide 4. High prices 5. No product differentiation 6. Poor planning in budgeting and documentation EXTERNAL Opportunities 1. Emerging Markets in other parts of the United Kingdom and elsewhere 2. A number of interested companies to be shareholders including palisade Plc 3. Can use e-marketing strategy to further enhance market base 4. Support from Palisade Plc Threats 1. Stiff Competition from other clothing business providers in the United Kingdom 2. Competition from similar Business offeri ng the same services at cheaper prices 3. Government Regulation –business overregulated Porters Five Forces Analysis of Jengo This framework was developed by Michael Porter. The tool essentially enables businesses to deal with dynamic markets, gauge competitive ground and make decisions regarding entering target markets successfully (Friedman 1999, p. 5, Hoffman 2001). Further, it enables in identifying partner as well as implications that joint ventures may pose (Bradford & Duncan 1999). This is done by evaluating the following five key areas as espoused by Porter: New Entrants: At the moment for Jengo, there seem to be many potential businesses that may want to venture into clothing, fashion, and design business. Buyer’s Power: The buyers that Jengo has to seem to be solid. However, they seem to complain about prices. Alternatives should be provided since they may shift their loyalty. Substitute Products and Services: Certainly, there are alternatives to what Jango d oes and this may invite donors to look elsewhere. Power of Suppliers: The suppliers for Jengo are few and this means that they determine a great deal especially in strategy formulation within the company. Current Competition: Competition does exist as there are many companies who offer the same products even at lower prices.

Business Ethics Position Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Ethics Position Paper - Essay Example The first issue is regarding the working hours of employees in our supply chains. The study indicates that three of our supply chains allow their employees to work for more than 60 hours a week, thus allowing the employees not to utilize their day off. However, I would like to point out here that this is in blatant violation of the Supplier Requirements of the company. The Supplier Requirements point out that the maximum number of hours that can be allowed for an employee in a week is 40 hours (Article 25, Supplier Requirements). Yet another serious issue observed in the assessment was the compulsory overtime enforced by our suppliers. I would like to mention here that this is against the human right policies followed by the company in its entire operation. In addition, it is pointed out in the Supplier Requirements that all kinds of overtime should be strictly voluntary (Article 33, Supplier Requirements). The company has decided to take strict corrective steps in this regard. As yo u rightly know, Motorola is committed to the principles of the United Nations Global Compact in its labor issues. So, the company always upholds the principle that businesses should uphold the elimination of all forms of forced and compulsory labor (Motorola Corporate Responsibility Report 2011). Seeing these violations despite the company’s best efforts to ensure human rights in its entire operations is highly disappointing. ... OTOVOICE’ and it will provide the employees of the supplier chains a chance to raise their concerns and grievances in the workplace keeping anonymity. Most important of all, all the supply chains are required to take corrective measure within 2 months from hereof and duly inform the company. An additional inspection will be conducted by the company on receipt of this intimation. I would like to inform here that failure to meet this deadline would lead to the cancellation of the contract with the respective suppliers. I’m sure that you will take necessary steps in this regard to uphold the values and working culture of Motorola. Expecting your continuing cooperation, To : All the supply chain employee unions of Motorola From : (Name) Date : March 15, 2011 Re : The work environment in supplier chains – STR-CSCC assessment 2011 I am profoundly happy to see your support and cooperation in the company operations making the company a huge success in its operations. How ever, we are seriously saddened to see that some of our employees are denied the basic human rights as evident from the findings by the Specialized Technology Resources (STR) Cal-Safety Compliance (CSCC) in its 2011 assessment in our major supply chains. The issues found in the STR-CC assessment were as follows. The first issue is regarding the working hours of employees in our supply chains. The study indicates that three of our supply chains allow their employees to work for more than 60 hours a week, thus forcing the employees not to utilize their day off, in blatant violation of the Supplier Requirements of the company. The Supplier Requirements point out that the maximum number of hours that can be allowed for an employee in a week is 40 hours (Article 25, Supplier Requirements). Yet another serious

Business model Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business model - Assignment Example The company is one that focuses to make games that are easy to learn and still maintain the fun element. The company has differentiated the way it looks at the gaming market from its competitors. The company is focussing on providing gaming that is fun and easy to children and adults alike. There has also been an effort to incorporate both male and female players into the gaming experience The main point of focus with Nintendo games is in the simplicity of their products. The product’s simplicity can be looked at in two ways. On the one hand you have the devices that have few buttons for their operation, a good example is the Wii console. Despite this they are able to give the customer an experience like no other when it comes to gaming. Secondly the games that they offer to their clients are simple in terms of game play. These are usually easy to play. The company has been able to differentiate itself from the industry norm of only appealing to a few devoted gamers. It has been able to do this through offerings of consoles such as the lately released Wii which has beaten rivals in the gaming console market (Torres, 2013) The company has tried to ensure that it markets and delivers its products in a way that saves both on cost as well as delivery times for the products that they offer. It has therefore taken the approach of using already established retailers to bring their products to market in the different regions of the world. Such retailers include partnerships with the likes of Amazon that guarantee as U.S. wide presence for the company. This leaves the online store that they maintain to service only replacement parts for their products. The one thing that the company has invested heavily in is ensuring that they utilize the feedback that they get from consumers. On the one hand the company has heavily invested in ensuring that this information is shared

StandardizedTestsandInformal Reading Assessments Essay Example for Free

StandardizedTestsandInformal Reading Assessments Essay Many teachers’ today are experience increased pressure in proving their effectiveness in teaching students through standardized testing. With the standardized testing schools and teachers are graded on their ability to provide a proper education for their children. If the school scores and A+ people believe that the school is effective in teaching their students. The school scores a D are below the school is believed to be ineffective. Unfortunately many schools are judged according to the results of standardized testing. Even though the results of testing is misleading as to the staff effectiveness in teaching. Yet these results are what everybody relies on. (Timeout From Testing.org, n.d.) What is standardized testing: is a tool that measures a student’s ability to perform at a certain academic level. Being highly controversial standardized testing will always be debated. As the debate continues we can be assured that standard testing will not disappear. This paper with examining several pros and cons by both sides of the standard testing debate.(Timeout From Testing.org, n.d.) Pro; 1) Standardized testing will hold student and teacher accountable. Students are purposed in mastering certain skills and applying them throughout the test. Teachers are required to adjust their curriculum based on results of these assessments. The failure of so many students can bring the school under a microscope can cause loss of jobs teachers who are not meeting standards. 2) Standardized testing is able to test and compare students from different school districts. Students are required to take the same test. Standardized testing allows this to occur comparing student to student across the state. 3) Well-established rules and instructions are provided to the teachers with directions for what and when a subject needs to be taught in the school. This will also allow student to move to a new school and not worry about being behind his/hers new classmates. 4) Standardized tests are not scored with human emotion. A teacher can possibly score a student test with emotional bias. Computers and or people score the test without bias they had no knowledge of the student is. 5) Standardized tests help schools develop programs and services to multiple subgroups. Establishing data to assist the subgroups in improving their scores. Con; 1) Standardized testing does not allow for emotional and him and him and external factors of the student. There have been students who have made straight As a GPA 4.00 for their career in school and fail the standardized test and not graduate. The standardized test will not show intelligence of the student taken the test. Three weeks before the standardized test a student’s parents get divorce. Will that student be truly focusing on the test? 2) Teachers feeling the pressure of standardized test will teach to the test. Teacher’s evaluation dependent upon this test and student success will only foster more teachers to continuing in this practice. This can only harm the student because it will not be taught other skills needed for their future. 3) The stress level surrounding standardized testing is very high. Teachers have walked out of the classroom because so much emphasis is placed on the standardized test. Students reach unhealthy levels of stress because of this test. Students have high levels of stress because her whole future is based on whether you pass or fail this test. No retakes allowed. 4) Standardized test can only evaluate the individuals performance and not their overall growth. If the student is having a bad day but fails the test or scores very low it is not an accurate as to the true knowledge of the student and how hard the teacher worked and helping their students to achieve. Students may have improved tremendously throughout the year and it is impossible one test to implement what the teacher is qualified or not. 5) Standardized testing can be and has been used for peoples political agenda. This is that for many politicians stand on educational platforms to further their career. These politicians have absolutely no clue what learning is really all about.(Timeout From Testing.org, n.d.) Standardized testing are essential for obtaining information as to the weakness of student’s ability to read. As you read above in essence standardized testing as necessary uses to evaluate a student’s ability but shall not dictate their future. Student portfolios are essential part of the development and assessments. What is the purpose of a portfolio. You can show student growth, and by the various, and gentian violet themselves and their own teaching method. For folders containing selected selections of students work that will accurately show their progress.(Gallaudet.edu, n.d.) Start introducing the portfolio after the first week of school. The students rarely understand or even know what portfolios are. As we teachers explain to our students that we will be creating an ongoing portfolio. The portfolios will help to introduce, and assess our learning experience during the school year. Students can create their own portfolio by assembling a designing with their own individual personality. Most rewarding part of student’s portfolios is the displaying of the student best work. The pride many students will feel when they can see their accomplishments in learning.(About.com, n.d.) The items that are found in students portfolios are as follows; Quotations or dictations, five stages of reading recorded by video, a list of books read, writing journals, narrative essay, exploratory, explanatory, persuasive, cause-and-effect, diagrams, graphic organizers. The many types of work samples represent the students reading programs. (Tompkins, n.d.) Formative assessments are used to monitor students learning by helping them identify strengths and weaknesses and target the areas that are the weakest in. Summative assessment evaluates the student’s knowledge at the end of a instructional unit such as midterms, essay papers. These assessments are places in students portfolio help evaluate the progress in the game in the school year. This information can be used formative when teachers and students got their progress in reading programs. (Eberly Center, n.d.) Standardized testing has been debated for many years. Educators across the country will always feel the pressure of performing for the politicians who dreamed up standardized testing. Whether teachers are pro or con when it comes to standardized testing is truthfully here to stay. The cost of standardized testing will always be difficult to justify. Whether you are pro or con standardized testing unfortunately will be how is the community administration will judge your performance. Stupid their References About.com (n.d.). Student Portfolio. Retrieved July 10, 2013, from http://712educators.about.com/od/portfolios/a/portfolios.htm?=1 Eberly Center (n.d.). What is the Difference Between Formative this Summative Assessment data. Retrieved July 10, 2013, from http://www.cmu.edu/teaching/assessment/basics/formative-summative.html Gallaudet.edu (n.d.). Portfolios for Students Growth. Retrieved July 10, 2013, from http://www.galludet.edu/clerc_center/information_and_resources/info_to_go_/transition_to_adulthood/portfolios_for_student_growth.html Meador, D. (n.d.). Standardized Testing; Pros and Cons of Standardized Testing [Online exclusive]. About.com. Retrieved July 10, 2013, from canhttp://teaching.about.com/od/assess/a/Standardized-Testing.htm?p=1 Timeout From Testing.org (n.d.). Standardized Test: Terms and Definitions. Retrieved July 10, 2013, from http://timeoutfromtesting.org/doedefinitions.php Tompkins, G. E. (n.d.). Literacy for the 21st Century. Retrieved from http://gcumedia.com/digital-resources/pearson/2010/literacy-for-the 21st-century_- a-balance-approach_ebook-5e.php

Embedding Total Quality Management In Private Universities Management Essay

Embedding Total Quality Management In Private Universities Management Essay The previous chapter consisted of a literature review about TQM, the management approach that started in manufacturing and business and then extended over the service sector and particularly in higher education. Research shows that by adapting aspects of the TQM to fit their own needs, higher education organizations experienced a better ability to manage the process of quality, and maintain and enhance development. Vazzana.et al (2000), in their study about TQM in business colleges found that most PUs benefit from their attempt at using TQM to improve the quality of their universities. Similarly, Weller (2000) in his study of using the TQM tools to identify root causes of higher education attendance problems concluded that the application of TQMs tools and techniques to solve higher education problems as highly promising as it is in PUs areas. The purpose of chapter five was to give a general understanding of the subject. The present chapter is about how TQM has, and can be, adopted in the PUs, what benefits PUs can get from implementing TQM, concerns about, and case studies of some PUs which have implemented TQM and what problems and benefits have been encountered in this context. The chapter concludes with a proposed model for TQM in the PUs in Egypt. 5.2 TQM in Private Universities Context Ever more, the implementation of TQM has extended over industrial organizations and has turned deteriorating companies into world leaders. Although the origins of TQM are grounded in statistical analysis of performance, with statistical quality control being the principal tool for verifying the success of TQM measures, TQM lays importance on the human element of an organization (Deming, 1986; Juran, 1988). This makes TQM suitable for service sectors in general and particularly education. Although educational organizations have been slower to see the value of TQM, many of them are now using TQM to improve their administration and to face internal and external challenges. As Mangan (1992) notes: Faced with soaring operating costs and persistent public demands for accountability, a growing number of colleges and universities are turning to TQM and its principles of customer satisfaction, teamwork, and employee empowerment as a tool to improve how institutions are managed. There are three generic approaches to TQM in higher education (Harris 1994), Firstly there is a customer focus where the idea of service to students is fostered through staff training and development, which promotes students choice and autonomy. The second approach has a staff focus and is concerned to value and enhance the contribution of all members of staff to the effectiveness of an institutions operation, to the setting of policies and priorities. This entails a flatter management structure and the acceptance of responsibility for action by defined working groups. The third approach focuses on service agreements stance and seeks to ensure conformity to specification at certain key measurable points of the educational processes. Evaluation of assignments by faculty within a specified timeframe is an example. Lawrence and Mc.Collough (2001) propose a system of guarantees designed to accommodate multiple stakeholders and the various and changing roles of students in the educational process. Durlabhji and Fusilier (1999) states that customer empowerment in education requires greater input from students as well as from business community that will eventually employ them and this in term will streamline education and eliminate any rest of the esoteric academic that exist in business coursework. In his model of distributed leadership for managing change in higher educational institutions, Gregory (1996) suggests four dimensions of institutional leadership symbolic, political, managerial and academic. In managing educational change there has been general criticism (Iven, 1995) that government initiatives are being pushed by a narrow, employer-driven strategy. Policy makers do have an obligation to set policy, establish standards and monitor performance. They must articulate important educational goals (Fullan, 1993). Roffe (1998) considers that due to open competition, students are becoming more customers as well as consumers and expected to pay a growing share of the costs of education. TQM implementation in PUs, Osseo-Asare and Long bottom (2002) proposes enabler criteria, which affect performance and help organizations achieve organizational excellence. These criteria are leadership, policy and strategy, people management, resources and partnerships and processes. The literature contains infinite cases of Total Quality Management principles incorporation in education. The application ranges from school stage (Weller and Hartley, 1994 and Schmoker and Wilson, 1993) to higher education stage (Sahney et.al, n2004 and Wiklund et.al, 2003). Some studies focus on the feasibility of implementing TQM in educational. Anderson (1995) reported the results of a case study to evaluate the effectiveness of a TQM programme at the University of Houston, College of Business Administration. He found that the implementation of TQM had some positive results such as increasing the student perceptions of service quality. Moreover, some studies show that TQM is also used to solve some specific issues. Weller (2000) reported that TQM principles can be used to identify root problem causes for absenteeism. It also can help in identifying realistic solutions which yield positive results in academic and non-academic areas. The TQM pedagogical concept applied to higher education embraces all fields and levels of education and has an effect on the following: Physical facilities (buildings, sport complexes, open field etc.), Academic infrastructure (laboratories, library, documentation, communication, information infrastructure etc.), Curriculums, Examinations and evaluation systems, Supplying academic and administrative personal and their improvement systems, Research and publication, Institutional development plans (strategic planning), University industry society relations, Deming claimed his production system can be applied to service organizations as well as to manufacturing organizations (Evans and Lindsay, 1999). Figure 4.3 with reference to TQM applies Demings production model to higher education. This system depends on the answers to these main questions. Who are the stakeholders (customers and suppliers)? What are the inputs and outputs? What are the key processes? Stockholders Suppliers Stockholders Customers Families High Schools Business Sector Vocational Institutes Input Government Business Families Students Outputs Design Redesign Teaching Program Customer research Where are we now and where do we want to be? Process Figure 5.1 TQM in Higher Education System In figure 5.1 the stakeholders are the customers and suppliers. The stakeholder groups can easily be extended beyond the members shown in the groups as customers and suppliers. Suppliers include families, high school, Vocational institutes, and business. The customers include the business community, graduate school, society, student, and families. Universities have a large number of different customers as shown in the figure 5.1. University management should consider the relative importance of each customer group and balance and reconcile the interests of these diverse groups. Students as consumers of knowledge and services are considered to be the main customer. Accepting students as an important group of customers can be taken as a revolutionary change in the management of quality in higher education. That group of students, as the consumers of education, should include potential students, existing students and graduate students. The university has different priorities and services for each group of students who make up the main customer group and attempts to satisfy their different needs. For example, introductory courses for potential students, student counselling for existing students and alumni associations for graduate students. Processes include all facets of teaching, student counselling, and scientific research. The first process is to assess the educational needs of students in terms of their existing knowledge, future career opportunities, and the needs of the community and its future development. Other processes to be followed are planning curriculum for courses, including allocating resources, arranging facilities, administration and support, and finally teaching and learning. The quality of all these processes must be effectively and visibly assured. Like manufacturing systems, educational systems can include a means by which costumer research can be conducted to evaluate and improve supply. For example, by observing students, analyzing test results, and using other resources from student feedback, instructors can assess their own effectiveness and develop strategies for improvement. Some colleges and universities survey their graduates and their graduates employers to assess consumer satisfaction wi th their product. Feedback such as that mentioned, helps colleges, departments, and individual faculty members to redesign curriculum, improve course content, and improve services such as academic advising. While industry usually has a product or service, educational institutions do not have perceived products in the generally accepted sense. Education has many outputs and inputs but the results from the process stage are often difficult to quantify in the short term. The inputs to the educational system are students, faculty, support staff, buildings and equipment and other facilities. Outputs include people with new knowledge and abilities and research findings as seen from the figure 5.1. 5. 3 Quality Control of Higher Education Vevere (2009) referred quality control to verification procedures (both formal and informal) used by institutions in order to monitor commitment level to quality standards. Vevere schemed quality control of higher education as interconnected system as shown below in figure (5.2). Figure 5.2 system of external and internal control of higher education. Source :Vevere , Nina (2009) According to figure (5.2) above, external control institutions verify the commitment to standards that higher education institutions claim. It is a fundamental principle of TQM to integrate TQM internally within the institution of higher education and externally with international organizations of education (Tang Zairi, 1998). The International Accreditation Organization (IAO, 2010) is an independent and private education accrediting seeks to the finest global educational standards. IAO is a member of the International Education Accreditation Commission (IEAC), which is concerned with establishment, maintenance and improvement of standards of accreditation agencies across the globe. In each country, there is a local bodybodies coordinate and cooperate with international bodies concerned with higher education quality. In England, as an example, the Department of Employment is concerned whether graduates can satisfy the needs of employers (Harvey et al., 1992). In Egypt, few universit ies got educational ISO and highly satisfied standards of National Authority for Quality Assurance and Accreditation (NAQAA) for some specializations. 5.4 Benefits of TQM for Private Higher Education As the world is currently undergoing a dramatic change and education is considered the leading competitive change tool, so TQM as concluded in chapter four and explained in chapter five could be a reasonable approach for developing. The literature review of TQM is showing that many writers have encouraged the use of TQM in education. Sallis (1993) argues that an educational organization could benefit from applying the TQM approach both in human and financial terms. Sallis points out that some concepts of TQM like right first time cannot be directly implemented in educational organizations but educational organizations can still benefit from such a notion. He indicates that if an education organization applied TQM, mistakes will be minimized with clear systems and procedures, and good team work through careful and thoughtful planning. In this point, one can notice that although TQM originally started in manufacturing and it has somehow acquired business language, but it is still flexible enough to be adapted by PUs. Murgatroyd and Morgan (1993) highlight the benefit of holistic organization in applying TQM. They mention that TQM is not concerned just with the outcome of education, but with the whole nature of education as a process for all stakeholders. Howard (1996) states the following ways in which PUs can benefit from implementing TQM: 1. Stakeholder value through customer focus. 2. Employee commitment and development through involvement. 3. Goal achievement through strategic planning. 4. Services improvement through continuous process improvement. 5. Cost reduction through elimination of unnecessary tasks. Howard highlights the benefits of TQM for PUs from three different dimensions: human dimension, financial dimension and planning dimension. In the human dimension, the stakeholders are satisfied and employees are committed; in the financial dimension, money and other resources are saved; and in the planning dimension strategic planning leads to goal achievement. Therefore, the literature on TQM argues that implementing TQM in PUs would save time, money and efforts through doing things right first time. TQM will also help PUs to demonstrate values for all stakeholders, provide better quality provision and communication and continue seeking innovation and improvement. 5.5 Obstacles about TQM in Private Universities According to Srivanci (2004) and critical issues in implementing TQM in PUs includes leadership, customer identification, cultural and organizational transformation. Deans and head of departments cannot eliminate unethical employment practices of lecturers like what is applied in public universities where rigid rules is deployed. Hence they do not enjoy ultimate authority in hiring and firing of personnel and allocating resources. Owlia and Aspinwall (1997) conclude that customer orientation is a more problematic principle of TQM when applied to PUs because of special nature of many academics whose motivation to work is often independent of market issues. Education consider as a provider of services. Its services include advice, tuition, assessment and guidance to pupils and students, their parents and sponsors. The customers and the stakeholders of the service are a very diverse group and need identifying. If quality is about meeting and exceeding customer needs and wants, it is important to be clear whose needs and wants we should be satisfying. The diversity of customers makes it all the more important for educational institutions to focus on customer wants and to develop mechanisms for responding to them. In PUs where the education process depends totally on the customers fees to run, a funding cut may lead to a reduction in service that may not accord with what customers are feeding back. This is not much important in public universities where it is supported from government. This is a very difficult issue to resolve and TQM does not provide ready answers to it in private universities. Cultural and organizational transformation in PUs main issue is under the frustrates the introduction of conventional TQM procedures is the principle of academic freedom as it plays out in individual professorial classrooms and their professional lives. Another important issues is that faculty members tend to work alone more often the together in projects since they gain more managerial and financial advantage at the opposite in public universities. The obstacles that cause unsuccessful adopting and implementing TQM in PUs academia are (but not limited to): The nature of the academia world, which makes the change process slow. The resistance of academicians to change, so to learn about the new method of doing things. The nature of some institutions as non-profit organization, which reduce the motivation to adopt new management methodology. The concentration of the academicians (in their readings and researches) on their narrow specializations. The TQM methodology and tools are relatively new especially in the developing countries. High turnover rate of staff, which prevents accumulation of experience and sustain the momentum of change. The absence of employees (units) who are specialized in TQM. The common administration problem, is putting a high rank and qualified personnel in the leading position depending on their previous experience not on their specialization i.e. the leaders of the institution could be specialized in art, physics, anatomy or any other field but not in management and specifically in higher education management. 5.6 Case Studies of TQM Implementation in Private Universities To review the experiences of some educational organizations with TQM, in order to gain appreciation from their experiences in proposing the TQM model for PUs in Egypt and in developing the implementation framework. As with benchmarking, it is better to learn from the experiences of others than starting from scratch. The literature covers PUs which have adopted TQM. For this study the case studies will be examined from the perspective of US and UK experiences where the two countries are well reputable in higher education. 5.6.1 US experience The first attempt to implement TQM in US higher education began in 1985. The movement spread quickly and in 1990, 78 higher education institutions were reported to be exploring or attempting to implement TQM. The common factor in US higher education is that it is being driven toward commercial competition imposed by economic forces. Competition is the result of the development of the global education market on the one hand, and the reduction of governmental funding that forces public organizations to seek other financial sources, on the other hand. For example, at Oregon State University the government cut funds by 35 percent. Some universities, such as Virginia Commonwealth University responded by decreasing staff salaries and increasing tuition fees. North Dakota University responded to such cuts by increasing the number of students without increasing quality. Competitive factors between universities did not allow for lower quality, so many institutions are looking to industry for ideas. Considering the similarities between experiences met in the commercial world and those faced in higher education, the TQM approach can be a solution for the do more with less. Today more than 200 private institutions of higher education are involved in TQM throughout the USA. There are many success stories in the US. The experiences of some US higher educational institutions prove that the effect of using TQM in private higher education is positive. 5.6.1.1 Oregon State University One of the most publicized success stories is that of Oregon State University (OSU). For a number of reasons the first pilot study was conducted at OSU. First, quality was considered a high-priority issue. Second, it has high probability of success. Third, management agreed that it was important. Fourth, no one else was working on it. Fifth, it was also important to the customers of the organizations. OSU, as leader of TQM in higher education movement, has had a real success; time has been saved, costs have been reduced, people have been empowered at all levels, and morale has skyrocketed. Oregon State University followed the following steps as a planning stage to implement TQM: Exploring Total Quality Management through visiting companies with TQM programs, inviting Deming to visit and explain TQM, reading key resources and attending TQM classes. Forming a pilot study team which was seen as a learning experience for the OSUs staff and a model for future teams. It consisted of 10 managers and front-line workers, a team leader, and a training officer/ facilitator. After the first pilot team experience, they began implementing TQM by focusing top management on strategic planning, including the following steps: defining the mission, understanding customers, identifying the critical processes of the president, developing the vision and identifying breakthrough items. Developing a training program, a quality manual and a recognition system. Establishing daily management system. Establishing standing cross-functional teams. 5.6.1.2 Northwest Missouri State University Northwest Missouri State University is another leader in TQM in higher education. It defines its success as: enrolment is now at capacity: the budget is balanced; faculty salaries are higher than average; and about 10% of budget has been shifted from administration to instructions. The implementation of TQM followed the following steps (Waller, L. D., 2000): Senior management began to learn about quality management. Developing internal expertise that was required rather than obtain some ready improvement methodology and rely on outsiders to provide the expertise. The management of the transformation became a full-time enterprise for those school district employees who were involved. The introduction of leadership training and development for principals-to-be. This was to provide this critical group with continuous improvement skills needed in the schools. A decision making process at the school level was introduced. Classroom Learning System was introduced based on Demings problem solving Plan-Do-Study-Act cycle. 5.6.1.3 The University of Pennsylvania The University of Pennsylvania is committed to TQM in the Wharton School MBA; curriculum has been developed using TQM principles. Moreover this University has improved the method of recouping corporate research changes and reduced charges from $ 18 to $ 13 million. The university proposed an eleven-step model for implementing TQM The president adopts quality as the core of institutional value system and communicates this value, and works to develop commitment to it throughout the institution. The president promotes the value through frequent symbolic and substantive actions. Educate administrators and academic deans in TQM and customer orientation, in team/participative management. Identify customers needs and set performance objectives. Train and designate internal resource persons who provide technical assistance to the rest of the institution. Train faculty, staff, and employees in appropriate statistical techniques, process analysis, decision making, and customer orientation. Form quality teams to seek continual improvement in the process and identify individual quality champions. Define/delegate authority throughout the institution. Develop performance measurement systems to continuously monitor the progress of the institution; the measurement should focus on the stakeholders needs satisfaction. Institute incentives and reward systems and relate them to TQM objectives. Work continuously to reduce the resistance to change. 5.6.2 UK Experience The first TQM initiatives in UK higher education were later than in the USA; the first attempts were in the early 1990. 5.6.2.1 De Monfort University De Monfort University (DMU) has some successful results in implementing TQM. The Faculty of Design and Manufacture at DMU completely reviewed and revised traditional teaching menthols and courses, which were no longer appropriate for the end of twentieth century. Teaching staff became 30 percent more efficient with double the number of student, and effectiveness of the revised course content was widely reorganized by industry, student and other design faculties. In Leicester Business School at DMU, with the application of TQM, higher participation rates and increase in staff productivity achieved. The strategic plan for the implementation was rooted with the concepts of identifying the customers, understanding their needs and serving them well. The plan focused on the following steps: The establishment of a quality council comprising the universitys most senior academic and non-academic managers. The purpose of the council is to review the universitys processes and critical success factors in order to identify key issues for improvement. Raising quality awareness through a series of awareness courses. These courses provide early education and training for actual and potential council members. In addition to the awareness courses, there is specific training in quality management tools and techniques. Using quality function deployment to ensure the customer satisfaction. This method was applied in the Department of Vision Sciences. There were eight essential areas to consider: students wants and needs, skills necessary to meet the wants and needs, programme and course content to deliver the skills, organization and assessment of the programme, resources, implementation of the programme, monitoring discrepancies between goals and outcomes, and control of the system in changing circumstances. However, the experience of quality function deployment showed it to be a complex tool. De Monfort University did not use a particular TQM model but instead only used the TQM principles, tools and techniques whenever appropriate and possible, because was difficult to provide an objective assessment to its success or of its cost over the years. 5.6.2.2 South Bank University Total quality management initiative was launched in 1992 at South Bank University. This has involved a thorough and ongoing review both of the quality of service it provides for its students and the wider community and of its academic quality, particularly in the area of teaching and learning. South Bank University, decided at an early stage that it should reflect more accurately the principle that real quality issues involved the ongoing commitment of all staff, support and academic, at all levels. Students are rightly encouraged to be involved more actively in the learning process, to be critical and imaginative about their own learning. Within five years, linking TQM into the strategic planning process, South Bank started to establish a competitive advantage by achieving differentiation (of its courses) through the quality of the learning experience, if a way can be found of advertising this to potential customers. It is expected that up to ten significant quality improvement measures (for example in academic staff time saved by increased efficiency in validation procedures or in improved feedback from student course board representatives) will have been achieved at the cross-university level in response to common problems identified through the quality service agreements. Most importantly, there will have been a change in the culture of the institution where all staff accepts their personal responsibility for quality improvement as a natural part of their job. The quality management plan can be summarized as follows The vice-chancellor and senior executive take direct responsibility for leadership of the universitys quality plan. Quality commitment to all university elements. Continuous improvement is everyones responsibility. Deployment of resources to support quality management. Quality management responsibility is best handed by operational levels. Encouragement of the diversification of quality management forms. Development of staff. From the quality principles and mission statement, critical factors of strategic importance are identified: teaching and learning, research, community service, institutional management, priority resource allocation, enhancing technical and information support, and quality advancement procedures. These factors formed a framework for further actions in the quality plan. In implementing TQM, each faculty formed its own quality committee to provide leadership and to increase quality improvement at faculty level. Responsible officers (e.g. deans) are charged with ensuring that performance targets are achieved within the specified time. As a part of staff development, brainstorming is used to identify strengths and weaknesses. South Bank University learned that the commitment of the staff to the quality initiatives and staff development, in addition to the stakeholders involvement and empowerment are essential to the strengthening of a quality culture. The purpose of presenting case studies is to learn how they applied TQM and propose a model that suits the PUs in Egypt. All of the five educational organizations began to apply TQM as a means to respond to the great demand for change and improvement. Some used TQM to face the reduction of funding or the challenge of competitiveness. This is the case in the PUs; it faces challenges and needs to encourage improvement, as discussed in chapter four. In Implementing TQM, universities get used different TQM models according to their needs. TQM requires creativity, responsibility and participation from managers and staffing in an environment of collaboration and open communication. It requires commitment at the top level. It needs strong visionary leadership that will facilitate the cultural change toward continuous development. TQM also demands the establishment of an environment of teamwork. Another important issue about implementing TQM is that the top management play a major role in planning the organizations processes. The PUs as an educational organization should aim at satisfying stakeholders needs. Nevertheless, TQM demands time, effort and a willingness to change. It creates a learning organization where education, training and re-education are essential for TQM success. TQM requires staff at all levels to be motivated to do not only what is better but what is best by the involvement and empowerment of all staff. TQM is about believing that there is always a better way of doing the services of the organization. So, involvement and empowerment, training and education, and continuous improvement are characters of the TQM organization. The implementation of TQM seems to be more effective if it is steady and well-planned. It also needs appraisal using quality tools and techniques. This is a very difficult task but not impossible. It just needs time and patience and a view point. From the previously discussed case studies, it seems that TQM approach succeeded in educational settings and this success can be translated into the following results: Saving time. Saving effort in the long term. Saving money and resources. Establishing a quality culture. Identification of strong and weak points. Stakeholder empowerment and involvement. Communication empowerment. Better understanding of stakeholders and their needs. Building a positive teamwork environment. Raising authority delegation.

Effects of the Hawthorne Studies Essay -- Business Management Human Re

The Hawthorne studies, which began in 1924 and ended in 1933, at the Western Electric Company, have produced controversy since its findings in 1939 were published in the book Management And The Worker. There were so many elements changed during the tests that many people disagree on the true factors that caused a rise in output. Was the rise in output due to the rise in money, or the factor of better human relations? Instead maybe the rise in output was due to the now famous term that came out of the studies known as the Hawthorne effect. Hopefully through this research, a better understanding of the factors that contributed to the rise in output can be determined, and ultimately how the Hawthorne studies impacted the future of business management. The Hawthorne studies developed when William Durgin of the Commonwealth Edison Company started conducting tests in 1918 to prove that different amounts of illumination would alter the amount of production in a company. "The results of these studies showed an increase in productivity of 10-20% with increases of light intensity" (Wrege, 1986, p. 24). Due to the success of these tests, the electric companies formed a committee with Thomas Edison as the chairman. And thus began the Illumination tests at Hawthorne in 1924. After three years of testing for illumination, the results concluded that illumination had little or no influence on production. Instead it was concluded that supervision if anything had an influence on output. In 1927 The Relay Assembly Room Tests began at Hawthorne. The study lasted nearly five years, making it the longest experiment conducted at Hawthorne. Selection of this department may have been an error by the team of observers. The Relay Assembly department ... ...rizons, Feb., Vol. 21 Issue 1, p31, 6p. Greenwood, G., Ronald. Wrege, D., Charles. (1986). The Hawthorne Studies. Academy of Management Proceedings, p24, 12p. McGregor, Douglas. (1960). The Human Side of Enterprise. New York: McGraw-Hill, pp.114. Shepard, M., John. (1971) On Alex Carey's Radical Criticism of the Hawthorne Studies. Academy of Management Journal, Mar., Vol. 14 Issue 1, p23, 10p. Shivers, C. Herbert. (1998) Halos, Horns and Hawthorne: Potential Flaws in the Evaluation Process. Professional Safety, Mar., Vol. 43, Issue 3. Stephen, R. Jones. (1992). Was there a Hawthorne effect? American Journal of Sociology, Nov., Vol.98, Issue 3. Yunker, W., Gary. (1993).An Explanation of Positive and Negative Hawthorne Effects: Evidence from the Relay Assembly Test Room and Bank Wiring Observation Room Studies. Academy of Management Proceedings, p179.

Comparison of Sound of Waves and Sailor Who Fell From Grace with the Sea :: comparison compare contrast essays

Comparison of Sound of Waves and Sailor Who Fell From Grace with the Sea There are many similarities between Yukio Mishima's â€Å"The Sound of Waves" and â€Å"The Sailor Who Fell From Grace with the Sea,† but there are also some important differences. The endings of the two novels seem to oppose each other, however some of the imagery and characters personalities in the novels make them very similar. In â€Å"Sailor,† one of the main characters is named Ryuji. He is a sailor, and later a father, and plays a central role in the novel. In â€Å"Waves,† Ryuji is used as the name for a character again. However, this Ryuji is not seen often in the action -- he is instead a medium through which the two main characters are forced to communicate. The Ryuji in â€Å"Waves† is also a young boy, while in â€Å"Sailor† he is a weathered man. In both novels, the Westernization of Japan is used as a motif. In â€Å"Sailor,†Fusako is the proprietress of an import shop and her home and lifestyle are both very Western. This Westernization is something that would lead to the eventual downfall of Ryuji. In â€Å"Waves,† Churiko, a more western-thinking, college-educated girl, is the character that creates the problems which must be overcome. It seems that Mishima is trying to communicate to the readers that Westernization is not a good thing for Japan. In r eal life, we know that Mishima did think this was true. He would commit ritual suicide for his beliefs about the emperor. The sea is of course of central importance in both novels. Surprisingly though, the two novels do not share the same view of the ever-changing force. In â€Å"Sailor,† Ryuji describes the sea as, â€Å"another kind of prison.(16)† In â€Å"Waves†, Shinji, the main character, feels surprisingly free when he first ventures onto the sea: â€Å" ‘I'm free!’ he shouted in his heart. This was the first time he had realized there could be such a strange sort of freedom as this.(150)† Another contrast between the two books deals with the ending. In â€Å"Sailor,† it is the fulfillment of love that causes the death of Ryuji, the heroic seaman. When Ryuji finds Fusako he stops his work as a man of the sea and chooses to work in her store to make her happy. In â€Å"Waves,† the young lovebirds are not destroyed by the s ea as Ryuji was, they are united by it. Comparison of Sound of Waves and Sailor Who Fell From Grace with the Sea :: comparison compare contrast essays Comparison of Sound of Waves and Sailor Who Fell From Grace with the Sea There are many similarities between Yukio Mishima's â€Å"The Sound of Waves" and â€Å"The Sailor Who Fell From Grace with the Sea,† but there are also some important differences. The endings of the two novels seem to oppose each other, however some of the imagery and characters personalities in the novels make them very similar. In â€Å"Sailor,† one of the main characters is named Ryuji. He is a sailor, and later a father, and plays a central role in the novel. In â€Å"Waves,† Ryuji is used as the name for a character again. However, this Ryuji is not seen often in the action -- he is instead a medium through which the two main characters are forced to communicate. The Ryuji in â€Å"Waves† is also a young boy, while in â€Å"Sailor† he is a weathered man. In both novels, the Westernization of Japan is used as a motif. In â€Å"Sailor,†Fusako is the proprietress of an import shop and her home and lifestyle are both very Western. This Westernization is something that would lead to the eventual downfall of Ryuji. In â€Å"Waves,† Churiko, a more western-thinking, college-educated girl, is the character that creates the problems which must be overcome. It seems that Mishima is trying to communicate to the readers that Westernization is not a good thing for Japan. In r eal life, we know that Mishima did think this was true. He would commit ritual suicide for his beliefs about the emperor. The sea is of course of central importance in both novels. Surprisingly though, the two novels do not share the same view of the ever-changing force. In â€Å"Sailor,† Ryuji describes the sea as, â€Å"another kind of prison.(16)† In â€Å"Waves†, Shinji, the main character, feels surprisingly free when he first ventures onto the sea: â€Å" ‘I'm free!’ he shouted in his heart. This was the first time he had realized there could be such a strange sort of freedom as this.(150)† Another contrast between the two books deals with the ending. In â€Å"Sailor,† it is the fulfillment of love that causes the death of Ryuji, the heroic seaman. When Ryuji finds Fusako he stops his work as a man of the sea and chooses to work in her store to make her happy. In â€Å"Waves,† the young lovebirds are not destroyed by the s ea as Ryuji was, they are united by it.

Early Jazz Essay -- essays research papers

Early History of Jazz   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jazz is a style of music that began and has been revolutionized within the United States. Jazz music first appeared in the city of New Orleans and eventually moved onto Chicago, St. Louis, Kansas City, and New York City. Jazz unites different elements of African, African- American, religious, brass brand, and blues style of music. The music of Jazz, and its changes through the years, is now a form of music that is known and respected throughout this nation and the world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jazz music is a blending of both black and white tradition and heritages. New Orleans was the center of many different ethnicities, such as French, Spanish, American, and African American, which resulted in a city with a unique blend of individuals. New Orleans became a significant center of culture in the mid to late 1800’s. It is believed that jazz was largely influenced from African slaves who were brought over in the 1800’s, who did not have their native instruments, had to make due with what they could find in their new home of the southern United States. On arrival in America, they were exposed to western musical styles that include harmonies, tonal sounds, along with unique beats and rhythms. This resulted in a raw version of what we know as Jazz. Some components of early jazz are still found in the many modern forms of music such as soul and reggae.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ragtime, considered to be the earliest type of jazz, was introduced in the very late 1800’s and early 1900’s. Also, ragtime was considered one of the most decorative and popular styles of music. Ragtime can best be described as a solo instrument style, usually consisting of a piano. As a means of income, many early Ragtime musicians would produce and sell their own music and have them published onto piano rolls in which they could be played in perosonally owned pianos. These piano rolls allow a new and large group of individuals to be exposed to the sounds of ragtime. Multiple moderns forms of music have derived form original ragtime including rhythm and blues.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the most influential ragtime musician and entertainer was Scott Joplin. Scott Joplin was born in Texarkana, Texas on November 24, 1868. Through his talent on the piano and as a composer, he is generally known as the â€Å"King... ...to turn the corner with bop. Bop groups were much smaller than swing bands and included improvised solos, rhythmic complexity, and unpredictable forms. It was a bit of a revolution for jazz.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There were several individuals who played key roles in the bebop and progressive jazz era. Louis Armstrong, Charlie Parker, and Dizzy Gillespie are just a few of the top jazz artist of the decade. Dizzy Gillespie, who was born in South Carolina in 1917, had an amazing talent, and by the age of 20 he was already touring with major bands. He helped bebop really emerge. Bebop was a type a jazz that was more robust and difficult to play. Overall, bebop still remains the stepping stone into multiple new forms of jazz.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion, I believe that the early history of jazz is vital in really understanding the complexity and beauty of jazz as a whole. Jazz, being a native form of music within the United States along with it many changes in the 1900’s, has significantly influenced American culture and its development through the years. Jazz remains an influential facet in the world of music and it is enjoyable to know where it came from.

College Athletes Deserved to Be Paid

College Athletes Deserve To Be Paid November 17, 2011 College Athletes Deserve To Be Paid Almost every week there is some sort of story that makes the news about a university breaking the NCAA rules. The debate is bigger than ever to start paying college athletes to play sports. It does not matter which sport it is, athletes need more than just a scholarship to pay for expenses outside of tuition, room, and board. A scholarship is strictly limited to these, but what about the expenses outside of those?It is time to start paying college athletes to play sports to cover the expenses that occur outside of a scholarship and the sport. With the growing costs of living, more and more athletes are looking for ways to get more money than their scholarship gives them. In return, most of the athletes are breaking NCAA rules to get money, which hurts the school, coach, and their self. Colleges around the country are getting punished, and losing legendary coaches because of athletes needing more money. Schools have turned to firing coaches because of athletes breaking these rules.College athletes should be paid because they need more than what their scholarship gives them, some sort of cut of the millions of dollars the schools make off the athletes. Also to help protect the coaches and schools from being placed under some form of punishment. A college athlete getting paid to play has been a topic of discussion the past few years, and the problem is only getting worse. However, there are reasons why many NCAA officials and school officials believe athletes do not need to receive any more money than their scholarships.A major point that these officials use is that paying an athlete for playing will then eliminate the amateurism of the NCAA. The NCAA has always been known to create a playing environment that is strictly at an amateur level. If a college athlete begins to get paid then this therefore eliminates the â€Å"amateur† title, and they are then recognized as professionals. However, more and more athletes are looking for ways to make more money. According to Matt Hinton at rivals. com, Ohio State University is currently on probation for athletes selling or trading their memorabilia for money and other things (2011).This is breaking the NCAA rules, and has resulted in the university to be placed on probation and firing their coach. The NCAA is about amateurism, but even Olympic amateurs can make money off of endorsements. They should let athletes make money so these schools do not have to worry about getting in trouble. Another point, officials do not see why an athlete should be paid if they are already going to school for â€Å"free†. Athletes receive a scholarships based on what a school would like to give them, and for most of the time many athletes receive a full-ride scholarship.This scholarship usually pays for their tuition, room, and board. Often times, officials ask why an athlete needs more than what their scholarship al lows them. However, with scholarships they are strictly limited to on-campus purchases, and cannot help an athlete with any bills outside of the school. If an athlete has to travel to home and back for any reason a scholarship does not cover the trip. Where does the athlete get the money to pay for the trip? This is one example why athletes need extra money instead of just a scholarship.Lastly, many claim athletes are student-athletes, and paying them would result in them becoming just paid athletes. This is a good point, but the difference between a student-athlete and a student is a student can receive benefits outside of their financial aid, and/or scholarships. It is unfair to student-athletes and this is why they deserve some sort of payment outside of their scholarship. A student-athlete on a full-ride scholarship is there because the school believes the student is an outstanding athlete. The scholarship is strictly used for on-campus purchases such as tuition, room, and board .Often times the scholarship is also used for books, supplies, and sometimes school apparel. The issue with a scholarship is it cannot be used outside of the campus. However, there are many purchases a student needs during their time at the school, that a scholarship does not cover. For example, an athlete must cover on their own the cost of travel home, which sometimes can be costly depending on where their family lives. Also, regular bills, clothes, and food outside of campus have no way of being paid for by an athlete that is limited to a scholarship.It is unfair to athletes that spend all year with their sport to not receive some form of payment. A student on a full-ride academic scholarship is allowed to have a job, and to make money professionally. An example, a student who has a full-ride for academics can still sell their talent (music, writing, etc. ) for money, and they can also hold a job. This allows the student to receive more money than what their scholarship pays for. Zane, who plays football on a full-ride scholarship at Ball State University, told me it is nearly impossible to have a job while playing football.He said he has two weeks off during the summer to be at home, and other than that he has the opportunity to come home some weekends. He said they start in the summer and play through the season, and then following the season they begin practicing for the next (Personal communication, November 11,2011). This is a year-round obligation with no free time. There is no time for him to make any money because many companies do not want to hire someone who can only work a little bit compared to a student who has more free time. The sport is his job, and therefore should pay the athlete to play.It is unfair for a student who does not play a sport get paid for what they do, but an athlete that draws millions in for the university only gets a scholarship. Each year, college athletics make universities millions of dollars. However, the athletes that draw this money into the school receive none from it. According to the Huffington Post, the Big Ten and the SEC made around $8 million 2009-2010(Huffington Post, 2011). The players of these conferences see none of that money besides what their scholarship grants them.The players are what the fans pay to come see, and the schools know this. The schools are allowed to use any player’s name or face to sell jerseys, tickets, and other things. However, the player that is being used see none of the money they make the school. This is unfair to the athlete because he or she is the one who works hard for the school that people pay to see. If a player who wears a certain number is a national or even local star and helps sell that certain number jersey, then they should be entitled to some sort of percentage they are making the school.It is unfair for them to not be able to make any money off of their talents, but a music student is allowed to make money off of theirs. Athletes spend all year working for their sport and making the school money, but they receive a scholarship. A scholarship is coming from the school so the school is not losing any money since it has to be spent there. If athletes are allowed to make money this eliminates the argument of the school only benefiting from athletes. Also, receiving more than a scholarship will keep schools out of punishment, and keep coaches and programs out of trouble.When athletes begin looking for ways to make money this usually ends up hurting the school, coaches, and the athletes. This hurts the schools because most of the time making the money they need is breaking NCAA rules. Almost each week there is some form of story of a school that breaks a NCAA rule because of an athlete receiving money or gifts. This has resulted in many programs forfeiting wins, losing scholarships, and/or being placed on some form of probation or suspension. The athletes usually are suspended or ruled ineligible, and the coaches have b een fired.The Ohio State example I mentioned earlier resulted in them being placed on a two-year probation, and the school firing their coach. The coach helped develop that program into what it is today was fired for not reporting his players who were selling or trading their memorabilia. This school could still be known as a powerhouse with a legendary, national champion coach if the NCAA would allow players to receive money outside of their scholarships. Instead, the school is on probation, lost their great coach, and had to vacate all their wins from the seasons the players played. Hinton, 2011) This is not the only school that has lost a coach of great prestige because of athletes wanting a little more money. The debate of paying athletes should be over by now, and the athletes need to be paid. The NCAA is hurting the programs of many schools because of the fines, and punishments from athletes just trying to get a little more money than the get from a scholarship. It is time for the NCAA to stop worrying about the amateurism of the sport, and allow athletes to make money. This will protect the integrity of the coaches, and the jobs they hold now.If the NCAA continues to place rules on an athlete who makes the schools money it will continue to lead to many more coaches to be fired, and athletes being punished. Schools make millions off of these 18-22 year olds, and the athletes put all the time in. The NCAA needs to find a way to pay these athletes so they can afford to be in school outside of their scholarships. The student-athlete should be paid because they work year round, many hours a day for a school that makes millions off of all sports. It is time that the athletes get what they deserve.

Fragrances in textiles

Abstraction Fragrance coating of fabric stuff has been greatly expanded and used in recent old ages. It can be done by agencies of several aromatic aromas with manner design techniques as embellishment and applique. This thesis focused on aroma and interior decor. In relation to this undertaking, the subject chosen is â€Å"SPA† . SPA in the word which creates an thought of repose, composure and peaceableness in the head. It is the topographic point where aromatherapy is used. The findings provide an apprehension of different techniques and ways used to implement aromatic aroma to fabric for bed sheets. In this probes factors such as comfort ability & A ; relaxation public presentation, lastingness of aroma and laundering belongingss were investigated. The fragranced cloth can be used in place fabric application such as bed sheets, couch screen, table fabric, wall hanging. Chapter 1 Introduction 1.0 Introduction Aromatic aroma is the survey of the consequence of aroma on human behaviour to look into the relationship between feelings and emotions such as relaxation, quieting, alleviating emphasis excitement, sensualness, felicity and good being. ( 1 )Titleâ€Å"Aromatic aroma in place textile†PurposePurposes of this undertaking are to set up a physical connexion between us and aromas through day-to-day usage in place designing 1.3 AimTo analyze the benefits and side effects of aromatherapy on interior designing.To look into the usage of aroma to add olfactory property to bed linen.Explore ways to add aroma finish to textile stuffs.To develop advanced method of fabric use and embroidery utilizing several techniques ( samples )To suggest originative bed sheets and pillow instances designs.1.4 organisation of thesis ( work program ) Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW This chapter consists of research work carried out harmonizing to the undertaking purpose and onjectives. It provides a brief reappraisal of the method used to add aromatic aroma to fabric and embroidery and technics used to make originative merchandises for interior decor. 2.1 Introduction Home fabric such as bed linen, pillow screens, bed sheets do non stay fresh due to mundane usage. This textile stuff contains a batch of microorganisms that gives off bad smell. Hence aroma coatings are applied. It adds a batch of values to the merchandise and aroma compound infuse a feeling of wellbeing and freshness. 2.2 AROMATHERAPY â€Å"Aromatherapy can be defined as the controlled usage of indispensable oil to keep and advance physical, psychological and religious wellbeing† . ( Gabriel Mojay’s ) Aromatherapy can be defined as the usage of volatile works oil, including indispensable oils for physical and psychological well-being ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.geocities.com/hotspring/spa/4278/findex.html ) . Aromatic may be classified as a kind of medical intervention or a division of holistic medical specialty. At the same clip it may be believed that aromatherapy is a proved scientific discipline used in the bar and healing of disease. Aromatherapy is the curative usage of plant-derived, aromatic necessity oils to advance physical and psychological well-being. It is often utilize in combination with massage and other curative techniques as portion of a holistic intervention attack. Aromatherapy is the usage of concentrated indispensable oil extracted from flowers, herbs and other works parts for curative utilizations against different provinces. Aroma healer used more than 100 oil, which are separated under the persons which strengthen ( e.g. Rosmarinus officinalis ) , tone ( e.g. lemon grass oil ) or relax ( e.g. orange flower ) other oil usage include basil, Citrus bergamia, black Piper nigrum, camphor, cedar, camomile, fennel, olibanum, Hyssopus officinalis, jasmine, lavender Melissa, patchouly and rose, assorted aromas ( e.g. lemon apple-cinnamon ) are said to better enhanced accomplishment of mental undertakings and cut down clerical mistakes. hypertext transfer protocol: //medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Aromatherapy 2.2.1 HISTORY OF AROMATHERAPY Aromatherapy has been polished since aged times. But the existent day of the month ( or clip period ) when aromatherapy might hold been introduced is much debated. Most adept claims that the ancient Egyptian was the first to pattern aromatherapy. Ancient Egyptians disposal distinguished the physical and religious belongingss of these oils and used them in their day-to-day life. The Egyptians used these oils for their embalmment method and over clip they became cognizant of the mending belongingss of these oils ( 2 ) ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.vanderbilt.edu/AnS/psychology/health_psychology/what_is_aromathery.html ) Egypt was considered the birth topographic point of aroma. It’s been 6,000 ago, Egypt discover the curative net incomes of rub downing with indispensable oil. The usage of aromatics spread all around history from Egypt to Israel, Rome, Greek, and the whole Mediterranean universe. Each society formed patterns of aroma utilizing oil, but during that age, a great trade about this acquisition might hold been lost. India is the lone topographic point in the universe where this usage has been ne'er lost. Essential oil landed in Europe from antediluvian states through reformers. The Europeans use this acquisition to their local workss, for illustration lavender, rosemary and thyme. These oil were non accessible to normal or mean individuals, because they were really expensive. Therefore there was a diminution used of indispensable oil. The Gallic chemist Dr. Rene-Maurice Gattefosse who is considered the â€Å"father† of modern twenty-four hours aromatherapy was the first to utilize the term â€Å"aromatherapy† in the twelvemonth 1928. He was really working in his family’s aroma concern and highly fire himself in a bad luck. He burn his manus what’s more forearm to 3rd grade. He puts his manus to the nearest VAT of cold liquid to decrease the hurting. The liquid was lavender oil. He was shocked to happen as much torment lessening and there was no inflammation, redness or rankling. He realized that lavender was mending the burn. The burn cured without a hint or a cicatrix. For Dr. Gattefosse, this started a life-time of find for him larning about indispensable oil. He began to look into lavender oil and continued continuing a big figure of other oils get downing from different workss. He learned after his many researched that the mending belongingss of workss originate in the indispensable oils. In 1937, he published a book on anti-microbial effects of the oils. An probe of history after World War 2 introduces us to Dr. Gattefosse co-worker Dr. Jean Valnet, who was a curative Doctor. He started his ain probe on the belongingss of indispensable oil during the twelvemonth after World War 1. He was a renewing physician in the Gallic armed force during World War 2. Treating assorted kind of lesion. There was an efficiency of supplies and medical specialties run out including antibiotics. He tried indispensable oils, the lesion mended rapidly and infection was lessen. Many combatants were saved due to indispensable oil. Dr. Jean Valnet has written about indispensable oil therapy and in 1964 published the art of aromatherapy and the motion in Europe had metempsychosis. Around those same clip, a Gallic adult male Albert Coureur, published a book on medical utilizations of indispensable oil and Madam Marguerite Maury, a Gallic biochemist make an exceeding system of using indispensable oil to the tegument with massage and established the 1staromatherapy centre in Paris, Great Britain and Switzerland and learned the rejuvenating belongingss of indispensable oils. â€Å"Her research was published as The Secret of Life and Youth ( 1964 ) . Micheline Arcier surveies and worked with Maury and valvet and their combined techniques created a signifier of aromatherapy that is now used around the universe. Many other Gallic medical physicians deeply skilled in curative indispensable oil followed Gattefosse and Valnet. Today thousand pattern aromatherapy in Russia, France, the Ukrain, England and many other states. Most people do non cognize how indispensable oil went to united provinces but if we look at history, we figure a 3rd coevals characteristic therapist from Switzerland, Anna Marie Butler continued the research of indispensable oil. She gets into contact with Dr. Lapraz and Dr. Durrafourd medical practician with indispensable oil. They were besides the president and General Secretary of the Gallic Phyto-Therapy and Aromatherapy association. She took her extended instruction through these and set up the â€Å"phyto-Aromatherapy† institute in the united province to go on her research on indispensable oil. â€Å"as we all hunt for good wellness and look back to the beginning of a circle. Our ascendants gathered medical workss and herbs to make place redresss for all sort of illness† . With scientific discipline exploratory promotion and the presentation of different sorts of chemical drugs, medical specialties we began to put our well-being in the custodies of the medical foundation. For a pill or medicine of some kind for about any complaint ( along with side effects ) we attempt to mend our organic structures and wellness when they are broken alternatively of maintaining them from interrupting in the first topographic point. As a consequence we distance ourselves with nature and the natural ways that could by and large assist us keep our well-being ( mentally and physically ) . Our organic structure can make good occupation at forestalling unwellness and illness if we take good attention of it and supply it with the right things. Our organic structure were non made to procedure chemicals. These same chemicals can be used in natural signifier ( from works non manufactured transcripts ) to maintain us traveling without side effects. ( 3 ) ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.aromatherapynaturalhealing.com/ ) 2.3 ESSENTIAL OILS Essential oils are the elusive, volatile fluid that is refined from workss, bushs, flowers, trees, shrubs and seeds. They are extremely concentrated oils that have a solid aroma. They are usually made through the process of distillment which separate the oil and H2O based compound of a works by steaming. Essential oil in reverse to the word â€Å"oil† is non by and large oil feelings at all. The bulk of indispensable oil is clear. Essential oil contains the echt kernel of the works it was derived from. Essential oils are extremely concentrated. 2.3.1 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ESSENTIAL OILS AND PERFUM Essential oils are obtain from parts of workss, aroma oils are stimulated made olfactory property or have unreal substances and do non gives the curative advantages that essential oils offer. 2.3.2 ESSENTIAL OIL APPLICATION Few common ways indispensable oils are used today:TOPICALLY Essential oil have a really little size and of the chemical weight of less than 1000m. harmonizing to scientific testing, any substance with a molecular weight below 1000m should be absorbed by the tegument. This mean that indispensable oil have the capacity to perforate the tegument and base on balls into the blood watercourse and into separate zone of the organic structure for internal curative benefits.Figure 1 locallyAROMATICALLY there is cogent evidence that indispensable oil are absorbed into the blood stream when breathed in. the extended sum of blood vass in the lungs absorbed the oils and so go around them all around the organic structure. Using a diffusor can assist you see the advantages of indispensable oil. You can spread lavender to cut down emphasis, melaleuca to cleanse the air, wild orange to better temper, olibanum for religious enlightenment.figure 2 AromaticallyIngestion indispensable oil can be used as p owerful medical specialties. Most indispensable oils are safe for internal usage but a small spot goes long manner. By and large 1-3 beads is assorted with H2O Oils like Mentha piperita, lemon, frankincense bring extraordinary internal benefit and can be taken with H2O.figure 3 consumptionPERSONAL CARE Today the fastest manner indispensable oils are being utilized by doing place made DIY personal attention merchandises. An first-class manner to take benefits of indispensable oils to heighten your beauty, place and long term well-being. Some of the best DIY formulas to utilize indispensable oil with includes ; shampoo, toothpaste, lip balm, organic structure butter and family cleansing agent.figure 4 personal attentionDr. Axe’s Essential Oils Guide(hypertext transfer protocol: //draxe.com/essential-oils-guide/ ) 2.4 AROMATIC FRAGRANCE AS HOME PERFUME Mentions ONLINE SOURCEAromachology – Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AromachologyWhat is Aromatherapyand where did it come from,Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.vanderbilt.edu/AnS/psychology/health_psychology/what_is_aromathery.html ( Accessed: 20th January 2015 ) .DebraAromatherapy & A ; natural healing,Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.aromatherapynaturalhealing.com/Aboutme.html ( Accessed: 28th febuary 2015 ) .Dr. Axe’s Essential Oils Guide,Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //draxe.com/essential-oils-guide/ ( Accessed: 28th febuary 2015 ) .Sophie Borland ( 21 October 2011 )Can aromatherapy oils toxicant you? How bantam atoms ‘may harm liver and kidneys ‘Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2051976/How-aromatherapy-oils-poison-Tiny-particles-oils-damage-liver-kidneys.html( Accessed: 10th December 2015 ) .Fernando Tovia/Philadelphia University/ ToviaF @ PhilaU. edu /Applied Operations Research Natalie Weathers/Philadelphia University/ WeathersN @ PhilaU.edu /Textile and Apparel Marketing ( 2005 )Scent-Infused Fabrics to Enhance Consumer Experiences,Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ntcresearch.org/pdf-rpts/AnRp05/F05-PH03-A5.pdf ( Accessed: 30th November 2014 ) .